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The American West has seen the biggest surge of cardiomyopathy-associated hospital admissions among methamphetamine users, based on 13 years of the latest available hospital admission data.

The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) showed that methamphetamine-related cardiomyopathy admissions spiked by 231% from 2008 to 2020 nationwide -- whereas overall admissions for heart failure increased just 12% during this period, according to Mohammad Bhuiyan, PhD, of Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, and colleagues.

They reported various geographical and social disparities evident across methamphetamine-related cardiomyopathy admissions:

• By sex: increases of 345% for men and 122% for women
• By race: increases of 271% for white, 254% for Black, 565% for Hispanic, and 645% for Asian groups
• By region: increases of 530% in the West and 200% in southern states. In contrast, the Northeast did not show any significant change.

"Demographically, cardiomyopathy among methamphetamine users occurs predominantly in middle-aged patients and men and tends to be concentrated more in the western region of the United States," Bhuiyan's team reported in .

Methamphetamine (popularly known as "meth") is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug. It is available as a prescription drug for obesity and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, while illegal versions are derived from over-the-counter drugs. An estimated reported past-year methamphetamine use in 2015-2018, the CDC estimates.

Methamphetamine has known links to cardiovascular disease (CVD), including cardiomyopathy, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and coronary artery disease.

"Given the rapidly increasing global burden of methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy, this work ... should be a call to action for researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers to fight this growing epidemic. Importantly, the healthcare system must also acknowledge and address its bias towards patients with substance use disorders," urged cardiologist Nisha Parikh, MD, MPH, of University of California San Francisco Health, and two colleagues.

In an , the trio said the present NIS study extends prior work showing that meth-associated heart failure (MethHF) hospitalizations increased at an exponential rate between 2002 and 2014, particularly on the West Coast and among men, younger patients, and lower socioeconomic groups. Also disproportionately affected were people of Hispanic, Native American, and Asian/Pacific Islander descent.

"This work should lead us to interrogate why certain geographic areas and populations suffer a disproportionate burden of MethHF and the ways in which local public policies, differential availability of psychostimulant drugs, and socioeconomic disparities have shaped the epidemic," Parikh and colleagues wrote.

They stressed the importance of targeted interventions -- development of a pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder (MAUD), for example -- and recognition of the "competing health and life priorities relevant for this vulnerable patient population."

"We should also consider employing innovative, multidisciplinary approaches to co-manage heart failure and MAUD. For example, the development of specialty heart failure clinics that also offer contingency management -- a highly effective, evidence-based behavioral treatment for MAUD -- deserves further study and potential scale up," the editorialists wrote.

The NIS study relied on hospital records from all 50 states and captured over 12.8 million cardiomyopathy-associated hospital admissions (59.3% men, over 57% were older than 65) during the study period.

Of these admissions, 222,727 were related to methamphetamine users based on medical records (58.5% men, over 55% were ages 41-64 years). Notably, people who used methamphetamine together with other drugs were excluded from the study.

Bhuiyan's group acknowledged that the study lacked individual-level data and any postdischarge information. The authors were also uncertain how people came to be diagnosed as methamphetamine users.

"Further research is warranted to identify high-risk populations and develop strategies to prevent and mitigate CVD among methamphetamine users," they urged.

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